Waterproof paper as a new substrate to construct a disposable sensor for the electrochemical determination of paracetamol and melatonin

Abstract

Disposable electrochemical sensors using sustainable and cheap materials are an exciting alternative to produce new kinds of sensing platforms. Waterproof paper (WP) is a biodegradable and biocompatible material that allows dropped of the sample on its surface without absorption by fibers. Also, WP can be used for miniaturized sensors construction. In this work, a conductive ink was produced with nail polish and graphite powder, using the WP as the sensor substrate for paracetamol (PAR) and melatonin (MEL) voltammetric determination. PAR is a pharmaceutical commonly used in high doses for the relief of pain and fever, and MEL is a hormone related to several diseases besides a direct relation to sleep quality. Using differential pulse voltammetry for PAR determination, the WP sensor showed a linear response in the concentration ranging from 0.50 μmol L−1 to 100 μmol L−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 53.6 nmol L−1. Square wave voltammetry was applied for MEL determination, and the proposed electrode presented linear response ranging from 0.80 μmol L−1 to 100 μmol L−1 and LOD of 32.5 nmol L−1. The sensor showed excellent repeatability and reproducibility for consecutive measurements. Then, the disposable WP sensor was successfully applied in the determination of PAR and MEL in pharmaceutical and biological samples, with recovery values, above 91.1%. The described architecture allowed the manufacture of a disposable, simple, and low-cost electroanalytical device that can be used for electrochemical sensing.