Abstract
BackgroundThe association of waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smoking with gastric cancer (GC) risk was suggested.MethodsA hospital-based case-control study was conducted to examine the association of WPT with GC risk among Vietnamese men, in Hanoi city, during the period of 2003–2011. Newly-diagnosed GC cases (n = 454) and control patients (n = 628) were matched by age (+/- 5 years) and the year of hospitalization. Information on smoking and alcohol drinking habits and diet including salty food intake and fruits/vegetables consumption were obtained by the interview. Maximum likelihood estimates of odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (Cis) were obtained using conditional logistic regression models.ResultsThe group with the highest consumption of citrus fruits showed a significantly low GC risk (OR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.4–0.8, P for trend = 0.002). However, there was no association of raw vegetable consumption with GC risk. Referring to never smokers, GC risk was significantly higher in current WPT smokers (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.3–2.4), and it was more evident in exclusively WPT smokers (OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.2–6.5). GC risk tended to be higher with daily frequency and longer duration of WPT smoking but these trends were not statistically significant (P for trend: 0.144 and 0.154, respectively). GC risk of those who started smoking WPT before the age of 25 was also significantly high (OR = 3.7, 95%CI = 1.2–11.3). Neither cigarette smoking nor alcohol drinking was related to GC risk.ConclusionThe present findings revealed that WPT smoking was positively associated with GC risk in Vietnamese men.
Highlights
An involvement of cigarette smoking in the development of gastric cancer (GC) has been reported in several studies [1,2,3,4,5], evidence of the association between waterpipe tobacco (WPT) and GC risk is limited
There was no association of raw vegetable consumption with GC risk
GC risk was significantly higher in current WPT smokers (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.3–2.4), and it was more evident in exclusively WPT smokers (OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.2–6.5)
Summary
An involvement of cigarette smoking in the development of gastric cancer (GC) has been reported in several studies [1,2,3,4,5], evidence of the association between waterpipe tobacco (WPT) and GC risk is limited. A case-control study conducted in Northeast Iran did not find a significant association between GC risk and hookah, an Arabian type of WPT [6], because of the small number of hookah smokers. A recent cohort study reported that GC risk significantly increased to three-fold among hookah smokers in a specific cohort, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected healthy subjects in Northwest Iran [7]. The association of waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smoking with gastric cancer (GC) risk was suggested
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