Abstract
In many cases it is necessary to remove ions from aqueous streams because of environmental reasons or process demands. Crystallization is one of the available techniques for the removal of many unwanted ionic components from aqueous streams. The removal of ions by means of crystallization on foreign seeds offers technical, economical and environmental benefits compared to the unseeded precipitation. Both the Pellet Reactor (PR) and the Membrane-Assisted Crystallizer (MAC) make use of a seeded crystallization. The main difference between these techniques is the relatively small size of the seeds in a MAC, which offers a number of advantages.
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