Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the properties of new dental formulations incorporating a new polymerizable-derivative of eugenol (EgGMA). The experimental composites were prepared (by weight) with 35% resin-based matrix (1:1, bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and 65% reinforcing materials (4:3, hydroxyapatite/zirconium oxide). A portion of 0.0, 2.5, and 5.0% of the resins with respect to the total composite was replaced by EgGMA monomer to obtain TBEg0, TBEg2.5, and TBEg5, respectively. The complex viscosity (at 25 and 37 °C), degree of conversion (DC), and water sorption (WSP) and water solubility (WSL) (3 cycles of sorption-desorption process) were investigated. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way and Tukey post-hoc tests. The results revealed a viscosity reduction with shear-thinning behavior as the EgGMA amount and temperature increased. The average complex viscosities at a lower frequency (ω = 1.0 rad/s) and at 25 °C were 234.7 ± 13.4, 86.4 ± 16.5, and 57.3 ± 17.1 (kPa·s) for TBEg0, TBEg2.5, and TBEg5, respectively. The inclusion of EgGMA led to a lower DC and WSP but higher WSL, compared to those of the reference (TBEg0). However, no significant differences between TBEg2.5 and control were detected (p > 0.05). Therefore, the incorporation of EgGMA in a low quantity, e.g., up to 8.45 mol% of resins, within the matrix may enhance the composite’s performance, including handling and solubility properties without any apparent effect on DC and water sorption, making it a promising monomeric biomaterial for various applications including restorative dentistry.
Highlights
In the last few years, resin-based composites incorporating immobilized eugenol (Eg) derivatives have received considerable attention as a promising enhancer of restorative dental materials, for intracanal post cementation and core build-up restoration [1,2,3]
eugenol-glycidyl methacrylate (EgGMA) is a low molecular weight (292.33 g/mol) monomer produced via activated condensation reaction of eugenol with glycidyl methacrylate; certainly its viscosity is undoubtedly more inferior than the traditional base monomers used in resin-based composites such as bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) but higher than the common comonomer triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)
It is clear that the addition of 2.5 wt% EgGMA to a conventional matrix containing, besides TEGDMA, BisGMA, has led to a noticeable decrease in complex viscosity primarily due to the reduction and interruption of the number of possible hydrogen bonding within the matrix
Summary
In the last few years, resin-based composites incorporating immobilized eugenol (Eg) derivatives have received considerable attention as a promising enhancer of restorative dental materials, for intracanal post cementation and core build-up restoration [1,2,3]. The potential effects of additives on the physicochemical, mechanical, and some other properties of resin composites are of great importance to researchers and have to be assessed as well. Eugenyl-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (EgGMA) is a methacrylate-based derivative of eugenol which is recently synthesized and its reactivity in reference to methyl methacrylate and biocompatibility within resin composites was assessed [9,10]. Besides its immobilizability within the base matrix of restorative dental composite, EgGMA may preserve the desirable properties of free Eg molecule [11], supporting its application as a potential biomaterial. The allylic double bond can, to some extent, be involved in the polymerization reaction, increasing the degree of crosslinking [7,8,12], the property that is closely pertinent to mechanical as well as to most of the physicochemical properties, including sorption and solubility of the composite
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