Water-soluble graphene quantum dot‐based polymer nanoparticles with internal donor/acceptor heterojunctions for efficient and selective detection of cancer cells

Abstract

We present a new, insightful donor–acceptor (D-A) energy transfer-based strategy for the preparation and development of water-soluble multifunctional pH-responsive heterojunction nanoparticles. Hydrophilic tertiary amine-grafted polythiophene (WPT) as a donor and blue fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQD) as an acceptor spontaneously form co-assembled nanoparticles that function as a highly pH-sensitive and efficient biosensor appropriate for the detection of cancer cells. These WPT/GQD nanoparticles exhibit a number of unique physical characteristics—such as broad-range, tunable GQD-loading contents and particle sizes, extremely low cytotoxicity in normal and cancer cells, and highly sensitive pH-responsiveness and rapid acid-triggered fluorescent behavior under aqueous acidic conditions. We show these features are conferred by self-aggregation of the GQD within the nanoparticles and subsequent aggregation-induced fluorescence of GQD after disassembly of the nanoparticles and dissociation of the D-A interactions under acidic conditions. Importantly, in vitro fluorescence imaging experiments clearly demonstrated the WPT/GQD nanoparticles were gradually taken up into normal and cancer cells in vitro. Selective formation of GQD aggregates subsequently occurred in the acidic microenvironment of the cancer cells and the interior of the cancer cells exhibited strong blue fluorescence; these phenomena did not occur in normal cells. In contrast, pristine WPT and GQD did not exhibit cellular microenvironment-triggered fluorescence transitions in cancer or normal cell lines. Therefore, this newly discovered water-soluble heterojunction system may represent a strongly fluorescent highly pH-sensitive bioprobe for rapid detection of cancer cells.