Abstract
.Provision of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in health-care facilities is gaining increased attention, given growing acceptance of its importance to the maternal and newborn quality of care agenda and the universal health coverage framework. Adopting and contextualizing an emerging World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Program Monitoring service ladder approach to national data collected in 2010/2011, we estimated the national coverage of primary health centers (PHCs) (N = 8,831), auxiliary PHCs (N = 22,853), village health posts (N = 28,692), and village maternity clinics (N = 14,396) with basic WASH services in Indonesia as part of a Sustainable Development Goal baseline assessment. One quarter of PHCs did not have access to a combination of basic water and sanitation (WatSan) services (23.6%) with significant regional variation (10.6–59.8%), whereas more than two-third of PHCs (72.0%) lacked handwashing facility with soap in all three locations (general consulting room, immunization room, and delivery room). More than a half of the three lower health service level facility types lacked basic WatSan services. National health facility monitoring systems need to be urgently strengthened for tracking the progress and addressing gaps in basic WASH services in health facilities in Indonesia.
Highlights
In Indonesia, improving neonatal mortality and nutritional status among children remains challenging
Adopting and contextualizing an emerging World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Program Monitoring service ladder approach to national data collected in 2010/2011, we estimated the national coverage of primary health centers (PHCs) (N = 8,831), auxiliary PHCs (N = 22,853), village health posts (N = 28,692), and village maternity clinics (N = 14,396) with basic WASH services in Indonesia as part of a Sustainable Development Goal baseline assessment
We adopted and contextualized an emerging global framework for WASH in HCFs18 proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) to existing national health-care facilities (HCFs) census data sets and estimated basic WASH service coverage across four types of public HCFs in Indonesia as a sustainable development goal (SDG) baseline assessment
Summary
Water from an improved source is available on premises. Water from an improved source is available offpremises or an improved water source is on site but water is not available. Other types of HCFs†: Water from piped systems, boreholes, wells, spring or rainwater that are on premises. PHCs: Water from piped systems, boreholes, wells, spring or rainwater, but is not available for all year-round. Other types of HCFs: Water from piped systems, boreholes, wells, spring or rainwater that are offpremises. Other types of HCFs: No water available for patient bathroom, water from surface water source or there is no water source at the facility. PHCs: A hand hygiene station is available with soap in a general consultation room. PHCs: Hand hygiene stations are absent or present but without soap in a general consultation room. Waste is segregated but not disposed of safely, or bins are in place but not used effectively
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