Water Reuse and Recycling

Abstract

Water reuse commonly refers to processes where treated wastewater is used for important purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, non-potable urban applications (such as toilet flushing, street washing, and fire protection), groundwater recharge, recreation, and direct or undirected water supplies. Water reuse is considered as a sustainable approach and may be cost effective in the long term; however, compared to existing water supply systems, the wastewater is treated to an appropriate quality for reuse and investment in the installation of new distribution systems. Furthermore, water reuse should also take public acceptance and security into account. Modern wastewater treatment processes have increased its application; these processes can now effectively remove biodegradable materials, nutrients, and pathogens, so the treated water has a wide range of potential applications. In addition to providing a dependable and locally-controlled water source, the reuse of water also has tremendous environmental benefits, such as decreasing water diversion from or wastewater discharge to sensitive ecosystems; reducing and preventing pollution; and creating, rehabilitating, or improving wetland habitats. This chapter explains the importance of wastewater utilization, as well as innovative technology and policies that encourage the use of wastewater as a new or reused resource. The reusing of wastewater solves the problem of water scarcity and other environmental problems, which reflects the need for environment assessment and enables the sustainable management of wastewater.