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Abstract
Water is a natural resource indispensable not only for the maintenance of human life and health but also for the preservation of all ecosystems and economic activities. At the global level, water is threatened in its quality and quantity by various pollutions such as uncontrolled urban and industrial wastes, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and the exploitation irrationality of this resource. Water quality in Kebir River has been adversely affected by pollutants usually without any treatment. Chemical and physical degradations are due to agricultural and industrial practices and domestic wastewaters. The aim of the present study is to evaluate water quality of the Kebir and Bougous rivers. The physicochemical parameters are analyzed by using the Titrimetry standard procedure and a Spectrophotometer device. The observed values of different physical and chemical parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chloride ions, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium have been also performed. Water is sampled at three study sites with four surveys during 2015 and 2016. The results show the existence of a seasonal variation of the physicochemical element concentrations. Also, there is an eutrophication caused mainly by chemical fertilizers used for agriculture. The present findings alert the inhabitant’s sanitation of irrigation water and environmental hygiene, where water quality varies from a moderate pollution state at some sampling stations to a very strong pollution downstream. The used parameters can also be useful when searching deeply for pollution causes and when planning preventive measures for protective purpose.
Highlights
The water quality of a hydro-system depends on many environmental factors and processes
Water quality depends on natural factors and human activity producing wastes that are directly or indirectly rejected in the aquatic environment
Water quality is defined according to four quality classes determined from a double-entry table of ANRH, and which included some parameters that are important, but the latter does not cover all forms of pollution
Summary
The water quality of a hydro-system depends on many environmental factors and processes It is defined more by the geomorphological (altitude, slope, land use, etc...), pedological and geological (origin and nature of the land) characteristics and anthropogenic watershed (degree of urbanization, industrial activities, agricultural). Watersheds collect atmospheric waters and concentrate them on the constituent elements of the network [1,2] During their transfer to the surface of the soil and/or in depth (runoff, seepage...) and from their circulation in the hydro-system, the waters are subjected to physicochemical and biological processes which condition their composition [3,4]. Water has become a strategic global issue, the management of which must imperatively integrate itself into a political perspective of sustainable development. Some say that it will be, in the third millennium, an issue of wars as oil has been and still is today [15]
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