Water quality issues and agriculture: An international review of innovative policy schemes

Abstract

Current agri-environmental policies are facing challenges to protect the environment, including in delivering water quality improvements. These difficulties are mainly due to payment restrictions and field or farm scale limitations in existing policy schemes. Innovative approaches have emerged in the last decades to overcome these constraints, such as market-based, landscape-scale and food-chain approaches. In order to understand the potential of these approaches to deal with water quality issues, we have analysed the design features of 62 innovative agri-environmental schemes. We grouped them into nine types of instruments that could provide benefits on water quality and we identified three main drivers for change that are: rewarding environmental outcomes, encouraging collaboration between rural stakeholders and certifying agri-environmental practices within the agri-food chain. The diversity of the schemes reviewed emphasizes the importance of the local context, which strongly conditions the effectiveness of instruments. Furthermore, mixing several schemes seems promising to encompass multiple governance levels involving both public and private actors.