Abstract
Envirometrics and pollution indices are proxies to assess water quality of a wetland ecosystem. Hence, the present study is focused on establishing water quality and elucidating the pollution status of Karamana River (KR) in Kerala, SW coast of India. The Karamana River Basin – KRB (n=6th; L= 68 km, A=695 km2), is the main source of water for domestic and drinking purpose in Thiruvananthapuram city. The Killi River (n= 5th; L= 24 km, A= 102 km2), the largest tributary of KR, carry heavy load of pollutants mainly from city and joins KR towards its downstream side. For this study, about 12 sampling stations were selected along the KR from upstream to downstream (interval= ~3km), and water samples (n=12x2= 24) were collected during non-monsoon (NON) and monsoon (MON) of 2015 to assess the variability and sourcing of key hydrochemical variables. Environmetric methods, viz., Pearson Correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied for apportionment of pollution sources significantly responsible for the surface water quality. It was found that sewage effluents and seawater intrusion were the primary factors deteriorating water quality in downstream. Further, the results of water quality analyses and Pollution Indices, viz., Organic Pollution Index (OPI), Eutrophication Index (EI) and Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) indicate that lower reaches (L= ~4 km) of KR is seriously polluted. A distinct Zone of Pollution Influence (ZPI) has been delineated based on the indices and this attempt is first of its kind in KR. The present study provides several noteworthy contributions to the existing knowledge on the factors influencing surface water quality and serves as a baseline data for watershed managers and administrators.
Highlights
Over the years, rivers are progressively subjected to environmental stress caused by human intervention.[1]
Monitoring the water quality of this river is very relevant in the current scenario. It is against this backdrop, the present study was carried out to provide an overview of pollution status and its underlying sources in Karamana River (KR) using environmetric techniques viz., Pearson Correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis coupled with pollution indices viz., Organic Pollution Index (OPI), Eutrophication Index (EI) and Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in KR were found to be less than the standard limit (6 mg/L)[35] in downstream during both seasons, which is due to the input from nutrient rich Killi river and TS Canal (Fig.1)
Summary
Rivers are progressively subjected to environmental stress caused by human intervention.[1]. Monitoring the water quality of this river is very relevant in the current scenario It is against this backdrop, the present study was carried out to provide an overview of pollution status and its underlying sources in KR using environmetric techniques viz., Pearson Correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis coupled with pollution indices viz., Organic Pollution Index (OPI), Eutrophication Index (EI) and Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI). To evaluate pollution status of the river, the (EI) and Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) were Organic Pollution Index (OPI), Eutrophication Index calculated. Organic Pollution Index (OPI) was calculated by involving the values of four parameters, viz., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN), Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO).[18].
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