Abstract
In the State of Israel, advanced legislation for the management of scarce water resources, including legislation to prevent water pollution, were put in place in the early stages of the State’s formation. Despite that, on-going uncontrolled pollution has deteriorated the quality of water sources for decades, with the main source of pollution being untreated or partially treated domestic wastewater. This has been mainly the result of lack of enforcement of the existing laws. During the 1990s and onwards, a shift to forceful enforcement has been observed and wastewater treatment substantially improved. The paper analyzes the implementation processes of the pollution control legislations (the lack-of and the shift to forceful enforcement) based on an actor-centered approach, using the contextual interaction theory.
Highlights
The State of Israel has promulgated in its early years extensive legislation to protect its water sources and prevent their pollution
The analysis addresses implementation processes of water pollution control legislation, with focus on domestic wastewater treatment—the main source of pollution
In the State of Israel, wastewater treatment has been neglected for decades
Summary
The State of Israel has promulgated in its early years extensive legislation to protect its water sources and prevent their pollution. 437), these were “some of the most forward looking legislations in the world concerning protection of water sources”. Such laws are vital in this water-scarce semi-arid country with currently ca. Water 2013, 5 of pollution being untreated or partially treated wastewater, resulting in deterioration in quality of the scarce water resources [3]. In 1971, only 37% of the generated wastewater was treated, mostly by primary treatment, and in 1982, only 55%. By the end of the 1980s, over 20% of the wastewater generated was discharged untreated into the environment, mainly to adjutant streams and riverbeds [6]
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