Water on NaCl Surface: Adsorption, Diffusion, Dissolution, and Nucleation

Abstract

Surface structure of BaTiO(3) (BTO) films grown on SrTiO(3) substrates was investigated as a function of temperature. X-ray reflectivity results show that there exists a low-density surface layer of 15 A due to surface relaxation on top of the BTO films in addition to a physical adsorbed water layer of about 5 A at 25 degrees C. The water layer disappeared at 70 degrees C; however, the surface layer remains its thickness until 115 degrees C. At 140 degrees C, the thickness of the surface layer decreases to 12 A and the electron density increases to a value near to that of the underneath BTO layer. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and the temperature dependence measurement of the lattice parameters convinced that the ferroelectric phase transition of the BTO films takes place around 135 degrees C (similar to 130 degrees C for bulk BTO). This indicates that the ferroelectric phase transition would contribute to the structural change of the surface layer due to the removal of the depolarization field. Our results indicate that the ferroelectric polarization strongly influences the surface structure of BTO films. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics.