Water Footprint as A Sustainability Indicator: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Objective: The main objective of the article was to investigate the use of the water footprint as a sustainability indicator through a systematic review of the literature. Method: The PRISMA method was applied. Additionally, the methodology entailed a thorough search in key databases such as Scopus, Springer, and others, utilizing specific criteria to filter and select pertinent studies. From approximately 17,000 studies initially identified, around 2,000 were filtered and 20 were selected based on criteria like relevance, availability, and the match of publication dates and language, among others. This meticulous approach aimed to ensure the quality and transparency in evaluating how human activities affect water availability and quality. Results and Discussion: Bibliometric results enabled the description of the selected studies, while content analysis facilitated the identification of tools and strategies related to the water footprint applied across various economic sectors. It was concluded that there are several effective tools for measuring, assessing, and managing the water footprint, with their application standing out in a variety of productive sectors and social strata. However, despite technological and methodological advancements, there is still a notable lack of research demonstrating a significant global reduction in the water footprint, highlighting the need for more effective strategies for sustainable water resource management. Research Implications: The study’s implications underscore the significance of water footprint measurement, assessment, and management tools, which are applicable across a variety of economic sectors and social strata. The scarcity of research demonstrating a significant reduction in the water footprint implies an urgent need to promote applied research for water footprint reduction, rather than merely limiting to its measurement. Originality/Value: The originality and value of the study lie in its systematic and comprehensive approach to using the water footprint as an indicator of sustainability.