Water Conflicts in Urbanizing Regions in the Himalaya: Case Studies from Dhulikhel and Bidur in Nepal

Abstract

Evidences suggest the growing problem of water scarcity in Himalayan towns due to rapid urbanization, variation in land use and climate change. The scarcity has led to different forms of water related conflicts. This paper documents the drivers and dynamics of water related conflicts in Himalayan towns and explores the potentialities for cooperation in resolving these conflicts based on detailed case study of two mid-hill towns in Nepal. Data were gathered using key informant interviews, focused group discussions, stakeholder consultations and participant observations. The key forms of conflicts emerged from the case study include a) upstream-downstream contestation for access to and/or control over water; b) tension caused by disparities in water distribution within urban region and c) competing use of water for domestic and other purposes. The major drivers of such conflicts include growing water demand both in upstream and downstream areas, declining water sources exacerbated by climate change and urbanization. In both cases of Dhulikhel and Bidur, water for municipal supply was acquired from upstream rural areas using political influence. However, the agreements forged between towns and upstream villages were later contestedby empowered upstream people. This suggests that socio-political relations have key role in governing water access. Insights from these cases reinforces the argument that local water management is a political agenda and resolving contestation and conflicts require enhanced cooperation and deliberation. We see the need for institutional mechanisms for forging cooperation and inclusive decision-making practices towards better local water governance.