Water and methanol soluble aerosol brown carbon over Bhopal, central India – Changes in optical properties and radiative effects during the COVID-19 lockdowns

Abstract

Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and methanol-soluble organic carbon (MeS-OC) in ambient PM2.5 over Bhopal, central India, were optically characterized during the COVID-19 lockdowns year (2020) to assess the influence of source reductions on these species and the induced changes in their radiative effects. During the lockdowns (23 March – May 31, 2020), the light absorption coefficients (babs-405) of WSOC and MeS-OC had higher values (75 %–105 %) compared to the corresponding period in 2019. MeS-OC light absorption at 365 nm and 550 nm were about thrice and twice, respectively, compared to WSOC absorption at these wavelengths. Increased fire counts and higher MAC405 (Mass Absorption Cross-section) of MeS-OC and WSOC (8 %–58 %) during the lockdowns compared to the corresponding period in 2019, indicated frequent biomass burning events because vehicular and industrial sources were completely shutdown during this period. Fractional solar radiation absorption (f300–400 nm) by MeS-OC and WSOC normalized by EC absorption was higher (15 % ± 9 % and 9 % ± 4 %, respectively) during the lockdowns compared to the corresponding period in 2019. The SFE300–400nm (Simple Forcing Efficiency) values for MeS-OCthisstudy→literature and WSOCthis study→literature were 8 % ± 5 % and 13 % ± 5 % higher, respectively, during lockdowns compared to the same period in 2019. Overall, the results suggested that biomass burning emissions during COVID-19 lockdowns offset (and overtook) any source emissions reduction induced aerosol radiative heating gains.