Abstract
A distributed model of water and heat transfers is described at first. The subgrid heterogeneity of land use is considered by using a nesting method. Evapotranspiration and latent heat flux are computed by the Penman-Monteith equation, infiltration excess during heavy rains is simulated by a generalized Green-Ampt model whereas saturation excess during the remaining periods is obtained by balance analysis in unsaturated soil layers. Surface temperatures are solved by the Force-Restore method. Two dimensional groundwater flow is simulated to consider the interactions between grid cells. The river flowrouting is conducted by using the kinematic wave method. The model is applied to the middle-reach catchment of Tama river and it is verified by the observed discharges at the catchment outlet in the threeyears from 1992 to 1994. Finally, sensitivity analysis shows the effects of input data and model parameters on annual water and heat balances.
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