Abstract
This article studies the meaning of water and gender in the North Indian pilgrimage to the sacred river Ganges. It joins the recent criticism in anthropology concerning the nature/culture divide and aims to transcend that divide by focusing on water, not apart from but as part of social life. Assuming that water’s sociality is gendered, the authors look at how both the river water—itself as a landscape material—and the pilgrims’ engagements with that water are gendered. Starting from the central question: How do men’s and women’s ritual engagements with the sacred female river water (mutually) construct social life? The article investigates men’s and women’s ritual use of water at different sites. It focuses on more than the central pilgrimage shrine and links the sacred river site to people’s homes to know how the moving river water, collected by pilgrims at the shrine, is used in water rituals back home. Trying to counterbalance the male and scriptural bias which is prominent in the literature on Ganges’ pilgrimage sites, the pilgrimage is studied from the perspective of lived religion that takes people’s embodied practices and sensory experiences of nature into account as well as people’s everyday life. By showing how men’s and women’s rituals differ and complement each other, it argues that men’s rituals at the pilgrimage site and women’s rituals at home serve the recreation of the family in a paired way. The argument is built on longitudinal and multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork at the Ganges river shrine in Haridwar (Uttarakhand) and pilgrims’ residence in Udaipur (Rajasthan).
Highlights
In this article on the pilgrimage to the river Ganges in India, we will focus on two related problems
By showing how men‘s and women‘s rituals differ and complement each other, it argues that men‘s rituals at the pilgrimage site and women‘s rituals at home serve the recreation of the family in a paired way
Following pilgrimage theorists Coleman and Eade and Rajasthan ethnographer Gold, we deliberately focus on the intersecting movement of water that connects shrine and private homes while considering the broader social process of constructing and consolidating social life to get a holistic view on how water and gender matter in this river pilgrimage
Summary
In this article on the pilgrimage to the river Ganges in India, we will focus on two related problems. Our idea that men‘s and women‘s lived religion needs to be studied in both public and private places, resonates Coleman and Eade‘s [14] argument that pilgrimage cannot be studied as an isolated phenomenon They argue that any ethnographic approach has to take in more than the central shrine and link pilgrimage to people‘s everyday life, broader social processes and various intersecting forms of motion. We will answer this question by focusing on the water rituals at the pilgrimage site of Haridwar and people‘s residence in Udaipur and investigate how men‘s and women‘s rituals differ and complement each other over the different locations In doing this it will appear that we have to transgress more persistent divides, closely related to the nature/culture divide: life versus death, female versus male, domestic versus public and pilgrimage site versus everyday life
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