Water adsorption on rutile TiO2(110) for applications in solar hydrogen production: A systematic hybrid-exchange density functional study

Abstract

Periodic hybrid-exchange density functional theory calculations are used to predict the structure of water on the rutile TiO${}_{2}$(110) surface ($\ensuremath{\Theta}\ensuremath{\leqslant}$ 1 ML), which is an important first step towards understanding the photocatalytic processes that occur in solar water splitting. A detailed model describing the water-water and water-surface interactions is developed by exploring thoroughly the adsorption energetics. The possible adsorption mode---molecular, dissociative, or mixed---and the binding energy are studied as a function of coverage and arrangement, thus separation, of adsorbed species. These dependencies (coverage and arrangement) have a significant influence on the nature of the interactions involved in the H${}_{2}$O-TiO${}_{2}$ system. The importance of both direct intermolecular and surface-mediated interactions between surface species is emphasized. Finally, to gain insight into the photooxidation of adsorbed species at the surface, the electronic structure of the predicted adsorbate-substrate geometries is analyzed in terms of total and projected density of states.