Abstract
The adsorption and reaction of water on surfaces is of great importance in many fundamental and technological processes at interfaces, since ultra-thin water films cover most hydrophilic surfaces under ambient conditions. Examples of processes that take part at the solid/liquid interface are photocatalytic water splitting, heterogeneous catalysis, and electrochemistry. On metal surfaces, the adsorption energy of water is comparable to the hydrogen bond strength among water molecules. Therefore, the delicate balance between competing water–water and the water–metal interactions leads to a rich variety of structures that form at the interface between water and seemingly simple, flat metal surfaces. In this article, we review recent experimental and theoretical advances in the molecular-level understanding of water adsorption, dissociation, and clustering on metals and nanostructured surfaces. This includes mainly surface science experiments and at low temperatures in ultra-high vacuum.
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