Abstract
Local administrations are increasingly demanding real-time continuous monitoring of pollution in the sanitation system to improve and optimize its operation, to comply with EU environmental policies and to reach European Green Deal targets. The present work shows a full-scale Wastewater Treatment Plant field-sampling campaign to estimate COD, BOD5, TSS, P, TN and NO3−N in both influent and effluent, in the absence of pre-treatment or chemicals addition to the samples, resulting in a reduction of the duration and cost of analysis. Different regression models were developed to estimate the pollution load of sewage systems from the spectral response of wastewater samples measured at 380–700 nm through multivariate linear regressions and machine learning genetic algorithms. The tests carried out concluded that the models calculated by means of genetic algorithms can estimate the levels of five of the pollutants under study (COD, BOD5, TSS, TN and NO3−N), including both raw and treated wastewater, with an error rate below 4%. In the case of the multilinear regression models, these are limited to raw water and the estimate is limited to COD and TSS, with less than a 0.5% error rate.
Highlights
Urban sanitation systems involve sewer networks (SNs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).Integrated and joint management of these is mandatory to overcome issues arising from stormwater runoff episodes which, in short periods, overload the system in terms of pollutants and flowrates as well as those coming from the dry-weather daily variation of pollution load
We show different models that enable us to estimate the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand at 5 Days (BOD5), Total suspended solids (TSS), P, Total Nitrogen (TN) and NO3 − N from the absorbance and transmittance measures of the water samples, within the range of 380–700 nm
The tests carried out determined that the models calculated by means of genetic algorithms are able to obtain valid estimates principally for five of the pollutants under study
Summary
Urban sanitation systems involve sewer networks (SNs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).Integrated and joint management of these is mandatory to overcome issues arising from stormwater runoff episodes which, in short periods, overload the system in terms of pollutants and flowrates as well as those coming from the dry-weather daily variation of pollution load. Urban sanitation systems involve sewer networks (SNs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Rainfall runoff collected and conveyed through combined sewers has an important influence on the efficiency of the entire treatment process [1,2,3,4]. Urban sanitation systems must comply with EU policies to halt the deterioration in the status of EU water bodies and the environment: Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC), Groundwater Directive (GWD, 2006/118/EC), Environmental Quality Standards Directive (EQS, 2008/105/EC), Directive 91/271/EEC or the Urban Wastewater Directive (UWWTD), Directive. Continuous, real-time, reliable information about the pollutants in the input sewage is of great interest to improve and optimize the operation of the sanitation systems, to fulfill. EU environmental policies and to reach European Green Deal targets [5].
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