Abstract
This chapter provides a brief history of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, endocrine disrupting compounds, and other trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) in source water, drinking water, and wastewater. This includes a summary of occurrence data available in the literature with a specific emphasis on two recent surveys of public water systems in the USA. This chapter also describes the efficacy of common drinking water and wastewater treatment options for TOrC removal and/or destruction. Drinking water treatment options generally include coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation, activated carbon adsorption, UV photolysis, chlorine/chloramine, and ozone. Wastewater treatment options generally include conventional secondary treatment, media filtration, disinfection, advanced membrane filtration, and advanced oxidation processes. Finally, this chapter emphasizes that no single treatment process is capable of 100% TOrC removal so it is important to balance the advantages and disadvantages of the various alternatives while developing a multibarrier approach to TOrC mitigation.
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