Abstract
In recent years, biodegradable composites have become important in various fields because of the increasing awareness of the global environment. Waste natural polymers have received much attention as renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and low-cost filler in polymer composites. In order to exploit the high potential for residual natural loading in latex composites, different types of surface modification techniques have been applied. This review discusses the preparation and characterization of the modified waste natural fillers for latex-based composites. The potency of the waste natural filler for the latex-based composites was explored with a focus on the mechanical, thermal, biodegradability and filler–latex interaction. This review also offers an update on the possible application of the waste natural filler towards the biodegradability of the latex-based composites for a more sustainable future.
Highlights
Municipal solid waste consists of everyday items such as bottles, food scraps, paints, food wrappers, packaging and newspapers are used and thrown away every day
The introduction of the acetyl group reduces the electrostatic stabilization due to the acetyl group, which diminishes the free surface charges of OH group and acts as a steric stabilization mechanism. This is supported by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis; the results show that the replacement of the OH group by acetyl group and has a high degree of substitution
Natural filler-based composites have been widely used in order to preserve nature
Summary
Municipal solid waste consists of everyday items such as bottles, food scraps, paints, food wrappers, packaging and newspapers are used and thrown away every day. Even though NR latex products can biodegrade in the soil, the process is slow due to the large molecular weight of NR latex macromolecules with additional chemical crosslinking that formed through the vulcanization process These cross-linkages are stable under ambient conditions and can withstand the soil environment for a prolonged period of time. CO2, H2O and other metabolic products are released at the end of the process and can be utilized by other living creatures Biodegradation is another way of degrading rubber waste that has the potential to resolve environmental problems. There are several research has been done on the agro waste as an alternative filler to synthetic filler in order to obtain renewable and environmentally friendly products. This review paper discusses the potential applications of waste natural filler
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