Abstract
Waste management directly and indirectly contributes to all sustainable development goals. Hence, the modernisation of the current ineffective management system through Industry 4.0-compatible technologies is urgently needed. Inspired by the fourth industrial revaluation, this study explores the potential application of waste management 4.0 in a local government area in Perth, Western Australia. The study considers a systematic literature review as part of an exploratory investigation of the current applications and practices of Industry 4.0 in the waste industry. Moreover, the study develops and tests a machine learning model to identify and measure household waste contamination as a waste management 4.0 case study application. The study reveals that waste management 4.0 offers various opportunities and sustainability benefits in reducing costs, improving efficiency in the supply chain and material flow, and reducing as well as eliminating waste by achieving holistic circular economy goals. The significant barriers and challenges involve initial investments in developing and maintaining waste management 4.0 technology, platform and data acquisition. The proof-of-concept case study on the machine learning model detects selected waste with considerable precision (over 70% for selected items). The number and quality of the labelled data significantly influences the model’s accuracy. The data on waste contamination are essential for local governments to explore household waste recycling practices besides developing effective waste education and communication methods. The study concludes that waste management 4.0 can be an effective tool for acquiring real-time data; however, overcoming the current limitations needs to be addressed before applying waste management 4.0 into practice.
Highlights
Sustainable waste management is a global challenge and one of the most important agendas for sustainable development [1,2]
A 6–10% waste contamination rate is considered as a standard in recycling in Australia, around 15% has been reported as the national average [5,6]
We applied a systematic literature review (SLR) as part of an exploratory study to comprehend the current application of I4.0/WM4.0, and a WM4.0 case study of I4.0 in a local government organisation in Perth, Western Australia (WA)
Summary
Sustainable waste management is a global challenge and one of the most important agendas for sustainable development [1,2]. Waste management directly contributes to 12 out of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), and contributes indirectly to all SDGs [1]. Despite its dire importance in global sustainability, the relevant authorities and government bodies are not prioritising waste management at the same level as the energy, water or transport services. Even in various developed countries, such as Australia, the resources allocated to the waste sector are insignificant. AUD 250 million for recycling modernisation and the National Waste Policy Action Plan implementation fund in Australia’s 2020–2021 national budget [3]. Australia has been experiencing a severe national waste management crisis due to the China Waste
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