Abstract
The treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with or without emphysema includes prevention, management of exacerbation and of stable disease. Smoking cessation is the most important intervention to reduce the risk of developing COPD and stop its progression. Bronchodilator medications and inhaled glucocorticosteroids are given to reduce symptoms and exacerbations in long-term medical therapy. Pulmonary rehabilitation including exercise training and patient education improves symptoms and morbidity. The management of exacerbations includes intensified treatments with bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids for 10-14 days, as well as the use of O(2) for patients with hypoxia and non invasive or invasive ventilation in the case of acidosis and hypercapnia.
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