Warming menaces high-altitude Himalayan birch forests: Evidence from cambial phenology and wood anatomy

Abstract

The Himalayas are experiencing dramatic warming and drought events, which occur at a faster rate than the global average. How will the high-elevation ecosystems cope with such changing conditions? This study aims to combine cambial phenology with quantitative wood anatomy to understand how the growth dynamics affect the trade-off between safety and efficiency of water transport in the Himalayan forests. We investigated the timing of xylogenesis and its relationship with hydraulic wood anatomical traits in Himalayan birch (Betula utilis D. Don) at two altitudes in the central Himalayas. Xylogenesis was monitored weekly from April to September 2014 by collecting microcores. We measured vessel area on histological sections, calculated the hydraulic diameter, and assessed the effects of climate on xylem production rate. Xylogenesis occurred from June to September in both study sites. Moisture availability influenced positively xylem growth besides thermal conditions. The onset and duration of vessel enlargement were correlated with the hydraulic diameter. Trees with earlier onsets and longer durations of vessel enlargement exhibited larger hydraulic diameters. The close relationship between cambial phenology and hydraulic diameter suggests that earlier growth resumption induced by climate changes may result in larger vessels, which are more efficient in water transport, but vulnerable to drought-induced cavitation. The ongoing warming and drying climate conditions may menace the survival of birch forest in the central Himalayas.