Abstract
BackgroundGlobal warming and shifted precipitation regimes increasingly affect species abundances and distributions worldwide. Despite a large literature on species' physiological, phenological, growth, and reproductive responses to such climate change, dispersal is rarely examined. Our study aims to test whether the dispersal ability of a non-native, wind-dispersed plant species is affected by climate change, and to quantify the ramifications for future invasion spread rates.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe experimentally increased temperature and precipitation in a two-cohort, factorial field study (n = 80). We found an overwhelming warming effect on plant life history: warming not only improved emergence, survival, and reproduction of the thistle Carduus nutans, but also elevated plant height, which increased seed dispersal distances. Using spatial population models, we demonstrate that these empirical warming effects on demographic vital rates, and dispersal parameters, greatly exacerbate spatial spread. Predicted levels of elevated winter precipitation decreased seed production per capitulum, but this only slightly offset the warming effect on spread. Using a spread rate decomposition technique (c*-LTRE), we also found that plant height-mediated changes in dispersal contribute most to increased spread rate under climate change.Conclusions/SignificanceWe found that both dispersal and spread of this wind-dispersed plant species were strongly impacted by climate change. Dispersal responses to climate change can improve, or diminish, a species' ability to track climate change spatially, and should not be overlooked. Methods that combine both demographic and dispersal responses thus will be an invaluable complement to projections of suitable habitat under climate change.
Highlights
In the face of climate change, dispersal imposes a major limit on a species’ ability to keep pace with environmental shifts [1,2], and determines the fate of individuals, population persistence, and species distributions [3,4]
Conclusions/Significance: We found that both dispersal and spread of this wind-dispersed plant species were strongly impacted by climate change
Factors affecting dispersal processes, such as the architectural features of maternal plants, the morphology of dispersal units [12], and dispersal vectors [7] may not stay constant over environmental gradients; dispersal may be altered by climate change
Summary
In the face of climate change, dispersal imposes a major limit on a species’ ability to keep pace with environmental shifts [1,2], and determines the fate of individuals, population persistence, and species distributions [3,4]. Species with low dispersal ability are more likely to suffer from range contraction and eventual extinction, in fragmented habitats [5] This is especially true for species with limited environmental tolerances and when evolutionary responses occur more slowly than climate change [6]. No study so far has examined dispersal-related plant responses to future climate scenarios. Our study aims to test whether the dispersal ability of a non-native, winddispersed plant species is affected by climate change, and to quantify the ramifications for future invasion spread rates
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