War and the Constitutional Text

Abstract

This Essay, written as a response to a pro-Congress view in the powers debate, presents a complete textual and structural theory of a flexible approach to powers. Under this system, the President possesses the power to initiate and conduct hostilities as commander-in-chief and chief executive under Article II of the Constitution, checked by Congress's power of the purse. The Declare War Clause simply confers on Congress juridical power to both define the United States's legal relations with other countries and trigger domestic constitutional authorities during wartime. How the nation goes to will result form the interaction of the political branches using these plenary constitutional powers. The Response critiques the most recent pro-Congress account, offered by Professor Ramsey, for not addressing the full context of the framing, and next argues that constitutional text and structure actually support the flexible powers system. Critics of this approach fail to appreciate the textual significance of the authority independently granted to the President by the Commander-in-Chief and Executive Power Clauses and the engage in war language of Article I, Section 10. In addition, they do not appreciate the manner in which the Constitution structures the interaction of the executive and legislative branches by creating strict processes with carefully defined roles for the President and Congress, as with the enactment of legislation, in contrast to areas where it does not, as with warmaking. A more comprehensive reading of the text and structure demonstrates that the Constitution does not mandate a specific, legalistic process for waging war. Instead, the Constitution vests the executive and legislative branches with different powers involving war, which the president and Congress may use to cooperate or to compete for control over warmaking.