Abstract
The existence of absolutely inaccessible space regions have striking consequences in the description of physical systems—the Aharonov-Bohm effect is essentially related to closed paths around such regions. Inaccessible phase-space regions are encountered in the description of physico-chemical systems too. This work considers how the the Laws of Thermodynamics must be formulated to allow for thermodynamically inaccessible regions. In particular, the First Law of Thermodynamics is reformulated in such a way that (i) it is reduced to the familiar Carathéodory’s version in the absence of inaccessible regions, and (ii) it allows for changes in the internal energy of the system when the system is forced to undergo a measurable path at the border of the allowed thermodynamic region.
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