Abstract
Sensing and monitoring the physical conditions are basic purposes of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Sensor nodes are the building blocks of WSN and they are battery operated. Battery charging or changing is impossible in harsh areas of deployment, so battery life needs to be maximized by improving the MAC protocol. If the Duty Cycle is selected wisely, it may reduce energy utilizations of a wireless sensor network, but it may impact other factors of WSN as well. Optimum duty cycle for a specific data traffic may not be optimal for other levels of data traffic and it may negatively affect the performance of a wireless sensor network. An adaptive duty cycle algorithm, VTA-SMAC (Variable Traffic-Adaptive Duty Cycle Sensor MAC) is proposed to reduce the problem of idle listening or collisions and to reduce energy consumption of traditional S-MAC protocol. VTA-SMAC algorithm was simulated in Network Simulator NS-2 and simulation results were evaluated to assess the impact of duty cycle variation on performance of S-MAC, particularly energy conservation with condition of varying data traffic. Impact of duty cycle variation in accordance with data traffic were also evaluated on various factors like latency, throughput, collisions, delay, jitter, and packet delivery ratio etc. Trade-off between energy consumption and latency was also studied. Simulation results show that VTA-SMAC improves energy conservation by 19.9 %, 14.4 % and 20.2 % at low, medium, and high traffic, respectively. Latency is also decreased by 10.2 %, 7.5 % and 18.9 % at low, medium, and high traffic, respectively.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Network is a web of sensing nodes that are dispersed at specific distances to communicate with other networks and to monitor and sense various conditions of the environment like humidity, temperature, pressure, movement, sound etc
Quality of Service (QoS) of S-Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol needs to be improved to increase its energy efficiency by reducing the problem of idle listening, latency, and collisions by applying adaptive duty cycles that varies according to the variable traffic load
An optimum duty cycle value should be opted in accordance with the traffic loads to get maximum possible energy conservation, maintaining other QoS
Summary
Wireless Sensor Network is a web of sensing nodes that are dispersed at specific distances to communicate with other networks and to monitor and sense various conditions of the environment like humidity, temperature, pressure, movement, sound etc. The main functions of the MAC layer include Delimiting and recognizing the frame, addressing of targeted stations, accurate data transfer of LLC, avoiding errors, and control of access to the physical transmission medium [7] Owing to such important characteristics of the MAC layer, WSN‘s should be highly energy efficient and scalable in accordance with the network size. There are certain challenging problems for the MAC protocols that create hurdles during the transmissions like idle listening, collision, overhearing, overhead, and overemitting [14] The consequences of these problems are data loss, extra energy consumption and taking more time to reach the target nodes. Main contributions of this research include development of a MAC protocol algorithm, which is capable to calculate traffic load adaptive duty cycle It decreases the energy consumption and simultaneously improves or at least maintains other aspects of QoS such as delay, throughput, packet loss, and collisions etc.
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