Vpu-mediated CD4 down-regulation and degradation is conserved among highly divergent SIV cpz strains

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) along with simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees (SIV cpz) and three species of Old World monkeys from the genus Cercopithecus have been shown to encode a Vpu protein. To date, the functional characterization of Vpu has been limited to a small number of subtype B and more recently subtype C Vpu proteins. Using a recently developed VpuEGFP reporter system, we have shown that the subtype B and C Vpus are capable of preventing CD4 from being expressed on the cell surface. Using the same reporter system, we report here on the expression and functional analysis of Vpu protein from four SIV cpz isolates (CAM13, ANT, TAN1, and GAB1). All four SIV Vpu fusion proteins were efficiently expressed and prevented CD4 expression on the cell surface and induced CD4 degradation. This was surprising as three of the SIV cpz Vpu fusion proteins had only one canonical casein kinase II (CK-II) site (CAM13, ANT, TAN1) while previous studies with laboratory adapted HXB2 had indicated that both CK-II sites were required for CD4 degradation. Both ANT and TAN1 Vpu sequences encoded five consecutive negatively charged amino acids residues following the only CKII site ( SAIEEDEE for ANT; SGVEEDEE for TAN1). We thus explored the possibility that this stretch of negatively charged amino acids might substitute for the lack of second CK-II site. Substitution of the aspartic acid at position 61 and glutamic acid at position 63 in the SIV cpz ANT Vpu within with lysine residues abolished the ability of this protein to down-modulate cell surface expression of CD4. Similarly, change of a serine to an alanine residue following the single consensus CK-II site of the CAM13 Vpu ( SGNESDGGEEE) abolished CD4-down-regulation, suggesting that this serine was phosphorylated in the absence of a canonical CK-II site. Our results indicate that the serine was required, suggesting that this serine was phosphorylated by CK-II or possibly another cellular kinase. Taken together, these results show for the first time that Vpu proteins from SIV cpz isolates, although quite diverse in sequence and predicted secondary structure from the HIV-1 subtype B protein, are capable of down-regulating CD4, which is one of the major functions of the HIV-1 protein.