Vortex formation and quench dynamics of rotating quantum droplets

Abstract

We investigate vortex formation and quench dynamics in rotating quantum droplets. We use the variational method to analytically show that vortex formation requires the breakdown of the rotational symmetry of the system via shape deformations and calculate the bifurcation point and lowest energy surface mode of the system. In our numerical simulations, we first demonstrate the systematic stationary vortex states and their critical points with the imaginary time propagation method, in which the average angular momentum acts as the convergence condition of the final state, we also show that the critical points for vortex formation via simulation are consistent with variational results. Then, we present two methods for generating vortex states via the real-time quench dynamics with symmetric and asymmetric rotating quantum droplet traps, by choosing different quench times and rotation strengths, one obtains the final states with arbitrary vortices. Our study provides a dynamic method for experimentally investigating vortex formation in rotating quantum droplets.