Abstract
Arabesque greenling Pleurogrammus azonus form schools of 30,000–60,000 individuals to feed on mesozooplankton near the sea surface. The fish need to be close to the surface where mesozooplankton production occurs, but the food is not sufficiently dense there for the fish to grow optimally while avoiding predation by sea birds. Arabesque greenling use a unique method to optimize their feeding conditions while avoiding staying on the sea surface. When the school swims upward, water is pushed downward. Upward swimming of a school of 30,000 individuals generates a downward stream of about 0.8–1.1 m/s, resulting in a convergent flow near the surface. This convergence concentrates the mesozooplankton on the sea surface and transports them into deeper layers with a strong vortex about 3.0 m in diameter and 10–20 m long. Thus, schooling of this fish induces vortex flows that provide a rich feeding environment.
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