Voluntary exercise in pregnant rats positively influences fetal growth without initiating a maternal physiological stress response

Abstract

The effects of increased physical activity during pregnancy on the health of the offspring in later life are unknown. Research in this field requires an animal model of exercise during pregnancy that is sufficiently strenuous to cause an effect but does not elicit a stress response. Previously, we demonstrated that two models of voluntary exercise in the nonpregnant rat, tower climbing and rising to an erect bipedal stance (squat), cause bone modeling without elevating the stress hormone corticosterone. In this study, these same models were applied to pregnant rats. Gravid Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, tower climbing, and squat exercise. The rats exercised throughout pregnancy and were killed at day 19. Maternal stress was assessed by fecal corticosterone measurement. Maternal bone and soft tissue responses to exercise were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maternal weight gain during the first 19 days of pregnancy was less in exercised than in nonexercised pregnant control rats. Fecal corticosterone levels did not differ between the three maternal groups. The fetuses responded to maternal exercise in a uterine position-dependent manner. Mid-uterine horn fetuses from the squat exercise group were heavier (P < 0.0001) and longer (P < 0.0001) and had a greater placental weight (P = 0.001) than those from control rats. Fetuses from tower-climbing dams were longer (P < 0.0001) and had heavier placentas (P = 0.01) than those from control rats, but fetal weight did not differ from controls. These models of voluntary exercise in the rat may be useful for future studies of the effects of exercise during pregnancy on the developmental origins of health and disease.