Volumetric properties and viscosities of the 2-pyrrolidone + 1,2-propanediol + water ternary system and its binary constituents at T = 313.15 K

Abstract

Densities and viscosities of ternary mixtures of 2-pyrrolidone + 1,2-propanediol + water and corresponding binary mixtures of 1,2-propanediol + water, 2-pyrrolidone + water and 2-pyrrolidone + 1,2-propanediol have been measured over the whole composition range at 313.15 K. From the obtained data, the excess molar volumes ( V E ), the deviations in viscosity (Δ η) and the excess Gibbs free energy of activation (Δ G ⁎ E ) have been calculated. The V E , Δ η and Δ G ⁎ E results were correlated and fitted by the Redlich–Kister equation for binary mixtures and by the Cibulka equation for ternary mixtures, as a function of mole fraction. Several predictive empirical relations were applied to predict the excess molar volumes of ternary mixtures from the binary mixing data.