Volumetric changes in gray matter after radiotherapy detected with longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging in glioma patients

Abstract

Background and purposeWe evaluated volumetric changes in the gray matter (GM) after radiotherapy (RT) and identified factors that were strongly associated with GM volume reduction. Materials and methodsA total of 461 magnetic resonance imagings (MRI) from 105 glioma patients treated with postoperative RT was retrospectively analyzed. Study patients’ MRIs were collected at five time points: before RT and 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after RT. Using the ‘FastSurfer’ platform, a deep learning-based neuroimaging pipeline, 73 regions were automatically segmented from longitudinal MRIs and their volumetric changes were calculated. Regions were grouped into 10 functional fields. A multivariable linear mixed-effects model was established to identify the potential predictors of significant volume reduction. ResultsThe median age was 50 years (range, 16–86 years). Forty-seven (44.8 %) patients were female and 68 (64.8 %) had glioblastoma. Postoperative RT was delivered at 54–60 Gy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. At 2 years after RT, the median volumetric changes in the overall, ipsilateral, and contralateral GM were −3.5%, −4.5%, and −2.4%, respectively. The functional fields of cognition and execution of movement showed the greatest volume reductions. In the multivariable linear mixed model, female sex (normalized coefficient = −0.14, P < 0.001) and the interaction between age at RT and days after RT (normalized coefficient = −6.48e-6, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with GM reduction. The older patients received RT, the greater volume reduction was seen over time. However, in patients with relatively younger age (e.g., 45, 50, and 60 years for hippocampus, Broca area, and Wernicke area, respectively), the volume was not significantly reduced. ConclusionsGM volume reduction was identified after RT that could lead to long-term treatment sequelae. Particularly for susceptible patients, individualized treatment and prevention strategies are needed.