Voltammetric profiling of new psychoactive substances: Piperazine derivatives

Abstract

The emergence of a large number of new psychoactive substance (NPS) on the global drug market poses a significant risk to public health and a challenge to drug control systems. Over the last decades, electrochemical sensing of illicit drugs has experienced a very significant growth, since these techniques can provide fast, portable, sensitive and low-cost detection alternatives for the analysis of drugs, metabolites and/or transformation products in different matrices. To understand and clarify the oxidative mechanism of piperazine designer drugs, the voltammetric profile of psychoactive piperazine derivatives 1-phenylpiperazine (PhPIP), 3-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), 3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), 4-fluorophenylpiperazine (pFPP) and benzylpiperazine (BZP) has been investigated at a glassy carbon electrode. The data found showed the crucial role of the aromatic amine, present in PhPIP, mCPP, pFPP and TFMPP molecular’ structures, on the oxidative profiles. The voltammetric behavior of BZP is quite different from those found for the other piperazines under study due to the nature of the amine group present in BZP molecular’ structure, benzylic instead of an aromatic amine. This work can be a helpful contribution to the ability to predict and identify metabolites and the development of new analytical approaches that can allow the rapid and specific quantitative detection of psychoactive piperazine derivatives.