Abstract
Analytical methods for the trace determination of heavy metals in microvolumes of real water samples by using stripping voltammetry at microelectrodes and microelectrode arrays were investigated. Voltammetric procedures at gold, platinum and glassy carbon microelectrodes including appropriate measuring cells were developed and validated by the application of electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) as well as stripping voltammetry performed at conventionally sized mercury electrodes. The influence of a piezo actuator on the accumulation efficiency of the analyte at the electrode surface was tested. Detection limits in the low picogram range were achieved with anodic stripping voltammetry and Osteryoung-square-wave or differential pulse detection. The methods were applied to the determination of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu in single raindrops and small volumes of rain water.
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