Abstract
The present review focuses on voltammetric and amperometric methods applied for determination of epinephrine (EP) in last five years (2013-2017). Occurrence, role and biological importance of EP, as well as non-electrochemical methods for its assessment, are firstly reviewed. The electrochemical behavior of EP is then illustrated, followed by a description of the voltammetric and amperometric methods for EP content estimation in various media. Different methods for development of electrochemical sensors are reviewed, starting from unmodified electrodes to different composites incorporating carbon nanotubes, ionic liquids or various mediators. From this perspective, the interaction between functional groups of the sensor material and the analyte molecule is discussed, as it is essential for analytical characteristics obtained. The analytical performances of the voltammetric or amperometric chemical and biochemical sensors (linear range of analytical response, sensitivity, precision, stability, response time, etc.) are highlighted. Numerous applications of EP electrochemical sensors in fields like pharmaceutical or clinical analysis where EP represents a key analyte, are also presented.
Highlights
Electrode type L-glutamic acid functionalized graphenenanocomposite, modified glassy carbon electrode β-Mercaptoethanol self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrode Glassy carbon electrode modified with thiourea Tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) surfactant immobilized carbon paste electrode Glassy carbon, electrode coated with a novel Mg–Al layered, double hydroxide–nickel hydroxide nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite Gold nanoparticles/polyanilineLangmuir– modified glassy carbonelectrode MCM/ZrO2 nanoparticles modified, carbon paste electrode Graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode GCE, modified by aminatedgraphene and Ag nanoparticles Vinylferrocene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Electrochemical techniques are often preferred to laborious instrumental methods for EP determination, which is due to the simplicity of procedure and instrumentation, minimum requirements with respect to sample pretreatment, as well as fast response, sensitivity and low cost
Recent advances imply the use of carbon nanotubes and various composites, for which large surface area and electrocatalytic activity greatly enhance the analytical signal, diminishes the peak potential corresponding to EP oxidation and solves peak overlapping problems in complex samples
Summary
Epinephrine (EP), called adrenaline, is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system [1]. One is its low concentration level, while another challenge often encountered is the strong interference arising from electroactive compounds like norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) [6]. To resolve these problems, one of the most common routes is using a modified electrode to improve the measuring sensitivity of EP and minimize the interference of AA and UA to EP determination [7,8,9,10,11,12]. Injectable EP solutions used by emergency medical personnel and hospitals are principally degraded via oxidation. We investigate the latest progress in modification of electrodes and its improvement in detection of EP
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