Abstract
Conditions on feeders with dispersed generation vary between voltage drop when there is no generation, and voltage rise when the generation exceeds the load. The utility is responsible for keeping the voltage variation within regulatory limits while the location of generation could be determined by investing customers without regard to feeder performance. Therefore, utilities must estimate as a general case how much generation can be connected randomly to a stochastically-loaded LV feeder before the risk of violating voltage limits becomes high enough to require detailed location specific studies. A fast probabilistic analytical core for voltage calculations on a feeder with loads and generation, described in a companion paper, enables Monte Carlo simulation of thousands of scenarios with randomly located generation and low loads to be done quickly, and gives a visual representation of the probable voltage conditions. The implications of choosing various levels of risk are discussed. The results can be used to set indicative penetration limits for photovoltaic generation in grid codes for low voltage feeders.
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