Abstract
Variations of load demands, expansion of power system by interconnections among different areas and integration of renewable energy sources bring new challenges for stable, reliable and uninterrupted operations of power systems. In this paper, a control technique is proposed to control and optimize the performances of the three models having importance in the present and future energy systems. These are the output variations of an automatic voltage regulation (AVR) system, frequency variations in a load frequency control (LFC) system of a thermal power plant and frequency variations of a PV integrated thermal power plant. The proposed controller is a particle swarm optimized Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) method based proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) method suffers from the unavailability of prior knowledge of initial values of parameters. Whereas, the classical ZN method leaves the scope for performance improvements of a system. A rejuvenation to the classical ZN method is proposed by integrating PSO. The combined effect optimizes the voltage and the frequency performances, while ensuring system stability. Additionally, different objective functions inspired from energy industry requirements are considered to demonstrate performance improvements of the systems (e.g. maximum overshoot, steady-state error, settling time). The robustness of the proposed method is demonstrated by considering parametric uncertainty in the system. The proposed method is compared with performances of different controllers (e.g. PI, fuzzy PI, fuzzy PID), different iterative soft computing methods (e.g. pattern search, artificial bee colony, different variants of PSO) and classical optimization method (e.g. linear matrix inequality) considering different objective functions and different load disturbances for the aforementioned models. It is also observed that better performances are obtained using a significantly less number of iterations.
Highlights
The day-by-day increasing load demands and continuous integration of non-renewable energy sources are expanding the complexity of modern-day power system operations
The second model is a load frequency control (LFC) which helps to maintain the stability of a power system and ensures that the frequency remains in nominal value
An objective can be influenced by different system requirements; e.g. for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system, the peak value of the voltage should not cross the permissible limit after any disturbance
Summary
The day-by-day increasing load demands and continuous integration of non-renewable energy sources are expanding the complexity of modern-day power system operations. A ZN based PSO method is proposed for a PID controller. The first model is an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) which is essential for the proper functioning of the electronics equipment and stable operation of a power system in presence of disturbances [18]. The second model is a load frequency control (LFC) which helps to maintain the stability of a power system and ensures that the frequency remains in nominal value. A load frequency control problem of a two-area PV integrated thermal power plant [19, 20] is considered. 2. The objective of this work is to utilize the simplicity of design of a ZN based PID controller and developing a cooperative framework between ZN and PSO to extract benefits from both.
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