Volcanism in Gondwanas

Abstract

In India the Lower Permian event is marked by a major volcanic episode in the Himalayan belt and rift faulting in the Peninsula which gave rise to various Gondwana basins. The Lower Cretaceous major volcanic episode represented by the Rajmahal Trap represents the termination of Gondwana sedimentation. Lower Permian volcanism is represented by the Panjal Volcanics in Kashmir Basin and its equivalent, the Volcanics in Spiti-Zanskar Basin and Rotung Volcanics (Abor Volcanics) in Arunachal Pradesh. In Karakarom Basin of Ladakh, volcanism is associated with Changtash and Aqtash formations of Permian age.
 The Agglomeratic Slates in Kashmir are supposed to have originated as explosive volcanism in the form of pyroclastic which was followed later by flows of the Panjal Volcanics represented by subaqueous and subaerial tholeiitic basalt with occasional basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic volcanics. The Agglomeratic slates are divided into two divisions, the Lower Diamicites and the Upper Pyroclastic. At the base of the Pyroclastic division and at the top of the Diamictite division, we get Eurydesma-Deltopecten Fauna of Lower Permian age. It is thus established that volcanism in Kashmir, Spiti-Zanskar and Ladakh is restricted to Lower Permian only. The sills and dykes associated with the underlying sequence in Syringothyris Limestone and Fenestella Shale in Kashmir, in Lipak and Po Formations in Spiti are related to this volcanism.