Abstract
Volcanic mudflows or lahars are a major type of volcanic hazard: they travel at high velocity over large distances, thus often affecting densely populated rural areas and urban settlements on the lower slopes of volcanoes. The mechanisms of lahar development and their various types, such as “hot” lahars associated with pyroclastic flows, “cold” or rain-fed lahars, and lahars caused by emptying of crater lakes or melting of snow and ice covering top areas, are discussed. Subsequently problems of hazard zoning and monitoring/early warning are dealt with. Methods of controlling and/or diverting lahar flows and related engineering structures are assessed. Merapi and Kelud volcanoes, Indonesia, and Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, serve as examples.
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