Volatilome Analysis in Prostate Cancer by Electronic Nose: A Pilot Monocentric Study.

Abstract

Simple SummaryAlthough challenging and highly expensive for health systems worldwide, no useful markers are available in clinical practice that aim to anticipate prostate cancer diagnosis in the early stages in the context of wide population screening. Urine analysis via an electronic nose provides volatile organic compounds easily usable in the diagnosis of urological diseases. Some previous works suggested that dogs trained to smell urine could recognize lung, bladder, or breast cancer with various success rates, but no strong results have been published. Based on this, the present study tested the ability of urinary volatilome profiling to distinguish patients with prostate cancer from healthy controls, proving to be a promising, non-invasive diagnostic tool with high accuracy in discriminating patients from controls. Its ease of use and low costs make the findings widely reproducible, suggesting that in the future, there will be the possibility of reducing the number of invasive procedures such as prostate biopsies in clinical practice.Urine analysis via an electronic nose provides volatile organic compounds easily usable in the diagnosis of urological diseases. Although challenging and highly expensive for health systems worldwide, no useful markers are available in clinical practice that aim to anticipate prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis in the early stages in the context of wide population screening. Some previous works suggested that dogs trained to smell urine could recognize several types of cancers with various success rates. We hypothesized that urinary volatilome profiling may distinguish PCa patients from healthy controls. In this study, 272 individuals, 133 patients, and 139 healthy controls participated. Urine samples were collected, stabilized at 37 °C, and analyzed using a commercially available electronic nose (Cyranose C320). Statistical analysis of the sensor responses was performed off-line using principal component (PCA) analyses, discriminant analysis (CDA), and ROC curves. Principal components best discriminating groups were identified with univariable ANOVA analysis. groups were identified with univariable ANOVA analysis. Here, 110/133 and 123/139 cases were correctly identified in the PCa and healthy control cohorts, respectively (sensitivity 82.7%, specificity 88.5%; positive predictive value 87.3%, negative predictive value 84.2%). The Cross Validated Accuracy (CVA 85.3%, p < 0.001) was calculated. Using ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.9. Urine volatilome profiling via an electronic nose seems a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool.