VOLATILES FROM DUCK FECES ATTRACTIVE TO MEXICAN FRUIT FLY

Abstract

Aqueous extracts of three types of bird feces were attractive to laboratory-colony Mexican fruit flies in laboratory bioassays. Extracts of black-bellied whistling duck feces were chosen for further analysis. Duck feces extract was attractive to both sugar-fed and sugar-starved flies but was more attractive to sugar-fed flies. Protein deprivation of flies had no effect on their response. Duck feces incubated in water for 24 hr were more attractive than those incubated for longer periods. Duck feces extract was attractive at pH 5–9, but was most attractive at pH 9, indicating that more than one class of chemicals contributed to attractiveness of the feces. Major components of headspace of duck feces extracts collected by solid-phase microextraction and identified by GC-MS, GC-FID, and GC-FTD included ethanol, propanol, phenol, ammonia, low-molecular weight amines, and pyrazines. In general, chemicals containing nitrogen proved most attractive to sugar-fed flies. However, dimethylamine and 1-pyrroline were nearly equally attractive to sugar-fed and sugar-deprived flies. Two chemicals without nitrogen were attractive to sugar-deprived flies; none were attractive to sugar-fed flies. A synthetic mixture was prepared containing ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, 1-pyrroline, phenol, and 2-ethylhexanol in amounts found in odor of duck feces extract. The synthetic mixture was 96% as attractive as duck feces extract to sugar-fed flies and 80% as attractive to sugar-deprived flies.