Volatile organic metabolites identify patients with gastric carcinoma, gastric ulcer, or gastritis and control patients

Hongshuang Tong,Lei Guo,Desheng Liu,Yue Li,Yue Wang,Chunjie Chi,Shujuan Liu,Changsong Wang,Enyou Li

doi:10.1186/s12935-017-0475-x

Abstract

BackgroundGastric cancer ranks 4th among the most common cancers worldwide, and the mortality caused by gastric cancer is 2nd only to lung cancer. Gastric cancer shows a lack of specific symptoms in its early stages. In addition, its clinical symptoms often do not match the corresponding stage. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastric cancer because of its high accuracy. However, this operation is invasive, patient compliance is poor, and high demands for medical staff and equipment are typical of this procedure. Recent studies have demonstrated a connection between specific breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and various forms of cancers.MethodsWe collected expired air from patients with gastric cancer, chronic atrophic gastritis or gastric ulcers as well as from healthy individuals. Solid-phase microextraction, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and principal component analysis statistics were applied to identify potential biomarkers of gastric cancer among VOCs.ResultsFourteen differential metabolites were annotated using the NIST 11 database, with a similarity threshold of 70%. Currently, the metabolic origin of VOCs remains unclear; however, several pathways might explain the decreasing or increasing trends that were observed.ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrate the existence of specific VOC profiles associated with patients with carcinoma. In addition, these metabolites may contribute to the diagnosis and screening of patients with carcinoma.

Highlights

Gastric cancer ranks 4th among the most common cancers worldwide, and the mortality caused by gastric cancer is 2nd only to lung cancer
The separation trend for the experimental group and the control group was detected from the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) score plots; the tight clustering of samples in the PLSDA score plot demonstrated that our approach was effective (Fig. 1)
Patients with gastric carcinoma versus patients with gastric ulcer GC/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS) was utilized to analyze the metabolites in the breath gas samples from the 24 patients with gastric carcinoma and 24 patients with gastric ulcer

Summary

Introduction

Gastric cancer ranks 4th among the most common cancers worldwide, and the mortality caused by gastric cancer is 2nd only to lung cancer. Tong et al Cancer Cell Int (2017) 17:108 standard for the diagnosis of gastric cancer because it displays high accuracy This operation is invasive, patient compliance is poor, and high demands for medical staff and equipment are typical of this procedure [5]. Many recent studies have demonstrated a connection between specific breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and various forms of cancer, including lung cancer [6], liver cancer [7], breast cancer [8], and colorectal cancer [9, 10]. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and principal component analysis (PCA) statistics were applied to identify potential biomarkers of gastric cancer among VOCs

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion