Abstract
The interaction between plant defensive metabolites and different plant-associated fungal species is of high interest to many disciplines. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are natural products that are easily evaporated under ambient conditions. They play a very important role in inter-species communication of microbes and their hosts. In this study, the VOCs produced by 43 different fungal isolates of endophytic and soil fungi during growth on horseradish root (Armoracia rusticana) extract or malt extract agar were examined, by using headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (headspace-GC-MS) and a high relative surface agar film as a medium. The proposed technique enabled sensitive detection of several typical VOCs (acetone, methyl acetate, methyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl butanol isomers, styrene, beta-phellandrene), along with glucosinolate decomposition products, including allyl cyanide and allyl isothiocyanate and other sulfur-containing compounds—carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfide. The VOC patterns of fungi belonging to Setophoma, Paraphoma, Plectosphaerella, Pyrenochaeta, Volutella, Cadophora, Notophoma, and Curvularia genera were described for the first time. The VOC pattern was significantly different among the isolates. The pattern was indicative of putative myrosinase activity for many tested isolates. On the other hand, endophytes and soil fungi as groups could not be separated by VOC pattern or intensity.
Highlights
IntroductionVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) are natural products that are volatile under ambient conditions
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are natural products that are volatile under ambient conditions.They are mostly produced by plants, bacteria, or fungi
The aim of the current study is to examine the VOC production of diverse endophytic fungi when grown on the extract of their host plant, Armoracia rusticana, with special respect to possible sulfur-containing glucosinolate decomposition products
Summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are natural products that are volatile under ambient conditions. They are mostly produced by plants, bacteria, or fungi. Examination in recent years has revealed a surprising diversity of compounds, with very interesting biological roles. The compounds include acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters as well as terpenoids. They are usually analyzed with special sampling methods, as reviewed in [1]. The VOC profile can be used in chemotaxonomic profiling. Examples include solid phase microextraction gas chromatographic (SPME-GC) profiling of Fusarium verticilloides, F. oxysporum, F. poae, and F. equiseti with various identified sesquiterpenes, including ones indicative of toxin production [2]
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