Volatile Organic Compounds, Indole, and Biogenic Amines Assessment in Two Mediterranean Irciniidae (Porifera, Demospongiae).

Antonella Aresta,Carlo Zambonin,Carlotta Nonnis Marzano,Pere Ferriol,Caterina Longo,Pietro Cotugno,Nicoletta De Vietro,Maria Mercurio

doi:10.3390/md19120711

Antonella Aresta, Carlo Zambonin + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120711

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Abstract

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the headspace determination of the volatile organic fraction emitted by two of the most common Mediterranean demosponges, Ircinia variabilis and Sarcotragus spinosulus, and of indole and some biogenic amines released by sponges in an aqueous medium. A total of 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane and 75 µm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibers were used for the headspace extraction of low molecular weight sulfur compounds from a hermetically sealed vial containing sponge fragments, while the direct immersion determination of indole and biogenic amines was performed. The biogenic amines were extracted after in-solution derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate. All analytical parameters (linearity, limits of detection, and quantification, precision, and recovery) were evaluated for indole and biogenic amines. SPME-GC-MS proved to be a reliable means of highlighting the differences between molecules released by different sponges, principally responsible for their smell. The combined approaches allowed the identification of several volatile compounds in the headspace and other molecules released by the sponges in an aqueous medium, including indole and the BAs cadaverine, histamine, isobutylamine, isopentylamine, propylamine, 2-phenylethylamine, putrescine and tryptamine. The results obtained represent a further contribution to the picture of odoriferous molecules secreted by sponges.

Highlights

IntroductionSponges (phylum Porifera) are common and abundant benthic invertebrates colonizing marine and freshwater habitats worldwide [1]
Sponges are common and abundant benthic invertebrates colonizing marine and freshwater habitats worldwide [1]
Among the volatile compounds extracted by the different fibers, species belonging to various chemical classes could be attributed using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library with a probability factor ≥ 60%, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, esters, halogen compounds, ethers, nitrogen and/or sulfur compounds and

Summary

Introduction

Sponges (phylum Porifera) are common and abundant benthic invertebrates colonizing marine and freshwater habitats worldwide [1]. They are active filter-feeders constantly permeated by a water flow running through their aquiferous system, constantly interacting with microorganisms, even through symbiotic relationships [2]. Sponges host a wide and diverse community of microorganisms, which in some cases represent up to 40% of the sponge wet weight [2]. They are, considered “holobionts”, complex systems consisting of a eukaryotic host and its microbiota [3]. Poriferans are considered among the most effective producers of biologically active chemicals and represent the central focus of studies for the discovery of new drugs in marine organisms [6,7]

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