Abstract
Vocal recordings of one semi-free-ranging group and one captive group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) were used to establish the vocal repertoire of the species. Only the alpha male of the groups uttered a very distinctive loud call. Localization variants of coo calls were found. Alarm calls given by this species were acoustically similar to those by Japanese, rhesus, and long-tailed macaques (M. fuscata, M. mulatta, andM. fascicularis). Adult females uttered a specific variant of vocalizations during sexual morphological changes. The repertoire of agonistic vocalizations was more variable than that of any other macaque species investigated. These characteristics were discussed with reference to previous studies on vocalizations of macaque species.
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