Abstract
The relationship between vocal characteristics and perceived age is of interest in various contexts, as is the possibility to affect age perception through vocal manipulation. A few examples of such situations are when age is staged by actors, when ear witnesses make age assessments based on vocal cues only or when offenders (e.g., online groomers) disguise their voice to appear younger or older. This paper investigates how speakers spontaneously manipulate two age related vocal characteristics (f0 and speech rate) in attempt to sound younger versus older than their true age, and if the manipulations correspond to actual age related changes in f0 and speech rate (Study 1). Further aims of the paper is to determine how successful vocal age disguise is by asking listeners to estimate the age of generated speech samples (Study 2) and to examine whether or not listeners use f0 and speech rate as cues to perceived age. In Study 1, participants from three age groups (20–25, 40–45, and 60–65 years) agreed to read a short text under three voice conditions. There were 12 speakers in each age group (six women and six men). They used their natural voice in one condition, attempted to sound 20 years younger in another and 20 years older in a third condition. In Study 2, 60 participants (listeners) listened to speech samples from the three voice conditions in Study 1 and estimated the speakers’ age. Each listener was exposed to all three voice conditions. The results from Study 1 indicated that the speakers increased fundamental frequency (f0) and speech rate when attempting to sound younger and decreased f0 and speech rate when attempting to sound older. Study 2 showed that the voice manipulations had an effect in the sought-after direction, although the achieved mean effect was only 3 years, which is far less than the intended effect of 20 years. Moreover, listeners used speech rate, but not f0, as a cue to speaker age. It was concluded that age disguise by voice can be achieved by naïve speakers even though the perceived effect was smaller than intended.
Highlights
The human voice changes from childhood and throughout an individual’s lifespan because of biochemical and physiological changes affecting the speech mechanism, as well as the result of sociolinguistic influence
The results indicate that speakers increase f 0 and speech rate when trying to sound younger and decrease f 0 and speech rate when trying to sound older
The strategy was effective in that voices in the two disguised voice conditions obtained age estimates in the attempted direction
Summary
The human voice changes from childhood and throughout an individual’s lifespan because of biochemical and physiological changes affecting the speech mechanism, as well as the result of sociolinguistic influence. Jitter, shimmer, noise and tremor, have been found to influence estimation of speaker age (Brückl and Sendlmeier, 2003; Schötz, 2006; Harnsberger et al, 2008), yet fundamental frequency (f 0) and speech rate are widely accepted as being important (e.g., Linville, 1996; Harnsberger et al, 2008; Skoog Waller et al, 2015) It is unknown if f 0 and speech rate are modulated when speakers try to sound either younger or older, and if so, whether manipulations in f 0 and speech rate correspond to actual age related changes in the same voice parameters. F0 in aging male speakers follows a U-function being lowest between 40 and 50 years, reaching the level of 20–30 years at age 60– 70 years, and continues to rise (see review by Linville, 1996)
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