Abstract
Plasmodium vivax sporozoites are differenced by circumsporozoite protein. Studies on the circulation of P. vivax VK210 and P. vivax VK247 in anopheline mosquitoes are important to verify the adaptability of these parasites on mosquitoes in different locations and periods. This study aimed to describe and compare the distribution of these genotypes in anopheline mosquitoes from four states of the Brazilian Amazon. Epidemiological databases about CSP infections on mosquitoes from Pará (2000–2015), Amapá (2000–2010), Roraima (2000–2003 and 2009–2011) and Acre States (2012–2015) were used for analysis. A total of 895 specimens were found infected mainly by P. vivax VK210. We showed that the distribution of P. vivax VK247 changed over time in the main malaria vectors on the Brazilian Amazon. We note that A. darlingi was abundant in certain localities while A. albitarsis s.l. in anothers, which highlights the importance of entomological studies for the control of human malaria.
Highlights
More than 200 million cases of malaria, an acute disease caused by a protozoon of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical areas, occurred worldwide in 20181
Previous studies have detected the natural infection by P. vivax genotypes in anopheline mosquitoes in the Brazilian Amazon[7,11,12,13] and experimentally it was shown that some species are susceptible to infection by P. vivax VK210 and VK24714,15
A total of 83,511 anopheline mosquitoes were collected during the study period, including the species A. albitarsis s.l. (41.12%), A. darlingi (38.09%), A. triannulatus s.l. (5.89%), A. nuneztovari s.l. (4.65%), A. braziliensis (3.56%), A. strodei (1.63%), A. minor (1.05%), A. peryassui (0.93%), A. oswaldoi (0.85%), A. aquasalis (0.68%), and other species at very low frequency
Summary
More than 200 million cases of malaria, an acute disease caused by a protozoon of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical areas, occurred worldwide in 20181. In Brazil, almost all malaria cases are present in the Amazon Region (99.5%)[2], which is comprised by nine states: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima, Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, and Tocantins. Among these states, Amazonas presented the highest malaria incidence in 2017 (41.94%), followed by Acre (19.01%) and Pará (18.91%)[3,4]. Studies that verify the main transmitters of the disease, as well as to investigate the circulation of P. vivax CSP variants in the Brazilian Amazon can provide relevant information about the main vectors involved in disease transmission and the adaptation of these parasites in different locations and periods. We set out to describe and compare the distribution of CSP genotypes of P. vivax VK210 and VK247 in anopheline mosquitoes from four Brazilian Amazon states from 2000 to 2015
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